International

What central banks can do when shocks come from outside

Addressing external shocks: central bank strategies

External shocks—ranging from commodity-price spikes, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and sudden stops of capital—pose immediate and diverse challenges for central banks. The appropr...

Economy

Istanbul, in Turkey: What makes a retail concept scalable across diverse neighborhoods

Scaling retail in Istanbul: a guide to neighborhood diversity

Istanbul is a megacity of contrasts: dense historic cores, high-tourist corridors, modern business districts, sprawling suburban neighborhoods, and two continents linked by ferries...

Investments and Business

How to tell real sustainability from green marketing

The benefits of shifting from a linear to a circular economy model

The circular economy is reshaping the way societies produce, consume, and manage resources. By extending the life of products and reducing waste, this model offers environmental, economic, and social benefits that support long-term sustainable development.For decades, economic gr...