International

What central banks can do when shocks come from outside

Addressing external shocks: central bank strategies

External shocks—ranging from commodity-price spikes, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and sudden stops of capital—pose immediate and diverse challenges for central banks. The appropr...

Economy

Istanbul, in Turkey: What makes a retail concept scalable across diverse neighborhoods

Scaling retail in Istanbul: a guide to neighborhood diversity

Istanbul is a megacity of contrasts: dense historic cores, high-tourist corridors, modern business districts, sprawling suburban neighborhoods, and two continents linked by ferries...

Investments and Business

What business models perform best in a slower-growth environment?

How subscription and recurring revenue models thrive in slower-growth markets

A slower-growth environment typically reflects restrained demand increases, more deliberate consumer spending, restricted capital availability, and intensified competition for established customer bases. Such scenarios often emerge after periods of economic maturity, demographic ...